经济学人 | 跨性别女性运动员究竟该不该参加女子比赛? - 证件翻译 - 国译人工翻译

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经济学人 | 跨性别女性运动员究竟该不该参加女子比赛?


允许跨性别女性运动员参加女子比赛往往有失公平

Other sports could learn from World Rugby’s approach
 

10月9日,全球橄榄球联盟主管机构——世界橄榄球联合会宣布,将禁止跨性别女性(即出生时为男性,但后来变性为女性)参加国际橄榄球女子比赛。有人对这一决定表示谴责,但也有人表示支持;英格兰橄榄球协会已经表示,他们将继续允许跨性别女性参加英格兰境内的所有其他级别的橄榄球比赛。

It puts World Rugby at odds with the International Olympic Committee (IOC), whose rules allow trans women to compete in women’s Olympic events, and with several other sports that have followed the IOC’s guidance. Trans women competitors have enjoyed success in sports including weightlifting, cycling and athletics. Yet World Rugby’s decision to exclude them was the right one. Other sports should follow its lead.
 

首先应该注意的是,这一决定是如何做出的。有关跨性别者权利的问题尤其在网上引发了激烈的讨论,人们甚至为此恶语相向。世界橄榄球联合会邀请科学家、伦理学家、运动员和律师一道前来,向这项运动的管理者提出了深思熟虑的建议。整个讨论过程都是公开透明的。而最终的决定也尽可能基于事实证据。

They should also note what that evidence shows. It came in two strands. One confirmed what everyday experience suggests. Most males are bigger, faster and stronger than most females; some males are bigger, faster or stronger than any female. 
 

其二是关于睾酮的作用,这是一种男性性激素和合成代谢类胆固醇,它是男性具有运动优势的主要原因。国际奥委会虽然允许跨性别女性参加女子比赛项目,但前提是她们必须控制血液中的睾酮含量在一定范围内。

The evidence presented to World Rugby was not perfect, but it was enough to suggest strongly that this compromise does not work. Suppressing testosterone appears to have only a minor impact on strength—too small to undo the advantages bestowed by male puberty. And no amount of hormone therapy can shrink skeletons. 
 

这足以促使世界橄榄球联合会认定,跨性别女性在女子比赛项目中对其他选手构成了太大的风险。世界橄榄球联合会已经表示,将为更多相关研究提供资金,并会定期对这项决议进行评估。但就橄榄球这样一项常见伤病(例如脑震荡)会给运动员带来长期影响的高风险运动而言,世界橄榄球联合会的决定是完全合理的。

That evidence matters for non-contact sports, too, for it also concerns fairness. Women’s sport exists precisely to exclude males. That is true at both the elite level, where rewards are greatest, and at the recreational one, where the vast majority of sport is actually played. Without it, half the population would be left struggling against an insurmountable advantage granted by mere biological chance to the other half. 
 

如果抑制睾酮水平无法消除这种优势,那么让那些仍然拥有睾酮的人与那些不曾拥有睾酮的人相竞争是不公平的。(值得注意的是,跨性别男性——即出生时为女性,但后来变性为男性——如果愿意是可以参加男子比赛项目的,这是因为他们不具有生理优势,并且在接触类运动中也不会对其他竞争对手构成威胁。)

Advocates for trans women often argue that inclusion should trump such worries. But sport is a zero-sum game, which means inclusion cuts both ways. If trans women possess a biological advantage, then allowing them to compete risks depriving others of victories they might otherwise have won, or a place in a team they might otherwise have earned. 
 

大多数体育运动至少在原则上承认这种取舍。国际奥委会也指出,“一直以来,体育运动最重要的目标是保证公平竞争。”但从目前来看,这一目标并未实现。(红色标注词为重难点词汇) 

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